REVERSE OSMOSIS
Reverse Osmosis is used to remove water from a product to increase the solids content, vaporator condensate is often 'polished' y reverse osmosis,

so that it can be usedelsewhere in the dairy.

NANOFILTRATION

Nanofiltration is mainly used to remove he monovalent ions from whey. A partly demineralization and water removal is obtained.

ULTRAFILTRATION

Ultrafiltration is typically used for whey, where the whey proteins are separated to form a product with 35, 60 or 80 % WPC.

If ultra filtration is applied to skim milk, Milk Protein Concentrate is obtained.

The protein fractions are typically evaporated in multi- effect evaporators with either TVR or MVR recompression to save steam,before spray drying.

MICROFILTRATION

Microfiltration is a low pressure membrane process for separating colloidal and suspended particles in the range of 0.05-10 microns and as such used for bacteria removal.